I-tuna ekheniwe isibe ngesinye sezinto eziyinhloko ezitholakala ekhishini : ixazulula inkinga yesidlo sakusihlwa esisheshayo, ilungisa isaladi ngemizuzu emihlanu, futhi ivuselela noma yisiphi isangweji esingahleliwe. Ngaphandle kokunethezeka kwayo, inikeza inani elihle lamaprotheni nama-omega-3 fatty acids , okuye kwaqinisa indawo yayo njengokukhetha okuvamile emindenini eminingi yaseSpain naseYurophu.
Kodwa-ke, lokho abaningi abakubheka njengokudla okusemathinini okuyisisekelo kufihla izici ezibalulekile. Ochwepheshe bezokudla, i -Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) , kanye nezinhlangano zabathengi ezifana ne-OCU basikhumbuza ukuthi akuzona zonke izimpahla ezisemathinini ezidalwe zilingana ngokuphepha , okuqukethwe yi-mercury, kanye nekhwalithi iyonke . Ukwazi ukufunda ilebula nokuqonda lokho esikuthengayo sekubaluleke kakhulu njengokuba nesivuli sethini eduze.
I-tuna vs. i-tuna elula: uhlobo luni olusethini ngempela
Elinye lamaphuzu abalulekile agcizelelwa ochwepheshe bezokudla ukuthi ukuthenga ithini elibhalwe nje ukuthi “tuna” akufani nokuthenga elibhalwe ukuthi “light tuna .” Uma uqala ukulibona, libonakala lifana, kodwa liqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene, futhi ngenxa yalokho, umehluko ekuqongeleleni kwezinsimbi ezisindayo.
Uma iphakethe libala kuphela i-"tuna ," livame ukubhekisela ku- Katsuwonus pelamis, i-skipjack tuna . Lena inhlanzi encane, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-30-35 ngokwesilinganiso, enesikhathi sokuphila esifushane. Ngenxa yokuthi incane futhi inokuphila okufushane, ivame ukuqongelela i-mercury encane ezicutshini zayo kunezinye izinhlobo ze-tuna ezinkulu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, amathini athengiswa ngokuthi "i-tuna elula" avame ukuvela ku-Thunnus albacares , eyaziwa ngokuthi i-yellowfin. Le nhlanzi ingafinyelela kumakhilogremu angu-200 ngesisindo , iphakeme kakhulu ochungechungeni lokudla, futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi iqoqa inani elikhulu le-mercury eminyakeni edlule, into ochwepheshe abayigcizelela kakhulu lapho bexoxa ngokudliwa njalo kwezinhlanzi ezisemathinini.
Ochwepheshe bezokudla abanjengoLeticia Zoé noBlanca García-Orea (@blancanutri) bavumelana ngomqondo owodwa oyisisekelo: uma unenketho, kungcono ukhethe amathini anegama lokuthengisa elithi "tuna" kunelithi "tuna elula" , ikakhulukazi kubantu abadla lo mkhiqizo njalo noma emakhaya anabesifazane abakhulelwe, izingane kanye nabantu abasengozini.
Uma kungenzeki ukuthola amathini anegama elithi "tuna" kuphela, isincomo ukuthi ungasebenzisi ngokweqile i-tuna elula bese uyihlanganisa nezinye izinhlanzi ezisemathinini ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-mercury, njenge-sardine, izinhlanzi ezisemathinini njenge-mackerel noma izinhlobo ezithile ze-salmon, eziphinde zinikeze i-omega-3 kanye nephrotheni yekhwalithi ephezulu.
I-Mercury ku-tuna: kungani ikhathaza nokuthi ithinta obani kakhulu
Impikiswano mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe -tuna ekheniwe kanye ne-mercury akuyona into entsha, kodwa iye yanda eminyakeni yamuva nje. Inkinga igxile ku -methylmercury, uhlobo oluphilayo lwale nsimbi esindayo eqongelela ezicutshini zezinhlanzi futhi, uma idliwa, ingadliwa.
Le nhlanganisela inomthelela ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi futhi ibhekwa njengeyinkinga ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, kanye nonina abancelisayo , njengoba ingawela umgoqo we-placenta futhi ithinte ukukhula kwezinzwa komntwana nosana. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iziphathimandla zezempilo zibeka imikhawulo yokudla futhi zikhipha izincomo mayelana nokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezithile.
Iqiniso liwukuthi, ngenxa yokungcola kolwandle, cishe zonke izinhlanzi ziqukethe inani elithile le-mercury , nakuba zingekho ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Izinhlobo ezinkulu, ezidla ezinye izilwane, ezitholakala phezulu kochungechunge lokudla, zivame ukuba namazinga aphezulu. Leli qembu lihlanganisa i-swordfish, ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka, kanye ne-tuna ethile enkulu.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi kufanele sisuse i-tuna kumamenyu ethu. Inhlanzi isalokhu ingumthombo ophelele wezakhamzimba ezibalulekile : amaprotheni asezingeni eliphezulu, amavithamini B, amaminerali afana ne-selenium, i-phosphorus, ne-magnesium, kanye nama-omega-3 fatty acid aziwayo, anemiphumela emihle empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi kanye nobuchopho. Umyalezo ovela ezinhlanganweni ezisemthethweni uhambisana kakhulu nokugcina ukulinganisela, ukukhetha izinhlobo ezifanele, kanye nokushintshashintsha ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi zethu.
Kulesi simo, iseluleko sochwepheshe abanjengoGarcía-Orea sicacile: abantu abadala abanempilo akufanele badlule ithini elilodwa noma amabili e-tuna ngesonto uma bedla lo mkhiqizo njalo. Kumaqembu azwelayo, iziqondiso eziningi zincoma ukubeka phambili izinhlobo ezinamazinga aphansi e-mercury kanye nokunciphisa kakhulu ukuvama kokusetshenziswa kwe-tuna enkulu.
Isitsha seglasi noma ithini: indlela yokukhetha inketho ephephile kakhulu
Esinye isici esivame ukunganakwa uhlobo lokupakisha i-tuna ekheniwe . Nakuba isatholakala kakhulu emathinini ensimbi, eminye imikhiqizo nayo iyinikeza emabhodleleni engilazi , okunye ochwepheshe bezokudla abaningana abasikisela ukuthi bakucabangele.
Isizathu siwukuthi, ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza amathini ensimbi, izinto eziqukethe inani elincane lezinsimbi noma ama-compounds avela ngaphakathi zingase zihileleke. Nakuba umthetho waseYurophu uqinile futhi ubeka imingcele yokufuduka, abanye, ngenxa yokuqapha, batusa ukubeka phambili izitsha zeglasi lapho bedla inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi ezisemathinini.
UBlanca García-Orea ukhomba ngqo kulolo hlangothi, esikisela ukuthi, uma isabelomali sivuma, izitsha zeglasi zingabekwa phambili kunezitini zendabuko . Lokhu kunciphisa imithombo engaba khona yezinsimbi ezivela ekupakishweni futhi kunciphisa ukuchayeka kulezo ezikhona ngokwemvelo enhlanzini uqobo, njenge-mercury.
Kunoma ikuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithini noma imbiza, kubalulekile ukuhlola isimo somzimba sesitsha : akufanele sikhukhumale, sigqwale, sigugile, noma sibe nomonakalo omkhulu. Ukuvalwa okunephutha noma ukupakishwa okonakele kungalimaza ukungazali kwangaphakathi futhi kusize ukukhula kwamagciwane ayingozi.
Omunye umbuzo ovamile ukuthi ngabe ukhetha i-tuna efakwe emanzini, uwoyela womnqumo, uwoyela oqoshiwe, noma uwoyela welanga . Ngokombono wokuphepha kokudla, zonke lezi zinketho zifanelekile, uma nje kulandelwa izinqubo zokulondoloza. Umehluko useqophelweni lokudla okunomsoco kanye nohlobo lwamafutha . I-tuna eqoshiwe, isibonelo, ivame ukuba namafutha elanga, kuyilapho uwoyela womnqumo unezela amakhalori kodwa unikeza iphrofayili yamafutha enhle uma isetshenziswa ngokulinganisela.
Lokho i-OCU ekutholile ezinhlotsheni ezingu-32 ze-tuna ekheniwe eSpain
I -Spanish Consumers and Users Organisation (OCU) isanda kuhlaziya izinhlobo ezingu-32 ze-tuna ekheniwe ethengiswa ezitolo ezinkulu zaseSpain , kokubili kumafutha omnqumo kanye namafutha elanga. Okutholakele kwabo kusiza abathengi ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa, hhayi nje kuphela mayelana nempilo kodwa futhi nangokuphathelene nekhwalithi yangempela yalokho abakuthengayo.
Iqiniso lokuqala eliqinisekisayo ukuthi, ngokuvamile, ikhwalithi ye-tuna ekheniwe ethengiswa eSpain inhle . Kumasampula afundwe, amazinga e-histamine ne-mercury angaphansi kwemingcele esemthethweni , okubonisa ukuthi, ngokombono wokuphepha, umkhiqizo uyamukeleka ngokuvamile. Kutholakale nokuthi ulwazi mayelana nomsuka wenhlanzi kanye nohlobo lwamafutha asetshenzisiwe luhambisana nelebula ezimweni eziningi.
Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo luphinde lwembula umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwemikhiqizo . I-OCU ibuyekeze imingcele efana nokuba fresh kwenhlanzi, okuqukethwe usawoti, inani le-tuna uma kuqhathaniswa noketshezi olumbozayo, ukuthungwa kwezingcezu, kanye nokuba khona kweziphambeko ezifana nokuqhekeka ngokweqile noma imisipha ebomvu. Lezi zici zithonya ulwazi lokusetshenziswa, kodwa zingaba nomthelela wesikhathi eside empilweni.
Esinye sezici ezibucayi kakhulu okuqukethwe usawoti . Ngokusho kwe-AESAN (i-Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition), ukudla kubhekwa njengosawoti omningi uma kudlula u- 1,25% . Ukuhlaziywa kwe-OCU (i-Spanish Consumers' Organization) kukhombisa ukuthi isilinganiso sosawoti samathini ahlolwe sasicishe sibe ngu-1,04% . Nakuba lesi sibalo singaphansi komkhawulo wokudla usawoti omningi, singaba yinkinga kubantu abanomfutho wegazi ophakeme noma labo abadinga ukulawula ukudla kwabo i-sodium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo ezithile zisondela noma zidlule amazinga anganconywa ukuthi asetshenziswe njalo.
Le nhlangano iphinde yagqamisa inani lemali . Kwakuphawuleka ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezitolo ezinkulu ezingabizi kakhulu zithole amaphuzu ekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu, alingana noma adlula ngisho nezinhlobo ezibiza kakhulu. Izibonelo ezicashuniwe zifaka phakathi imikhiqizo efana ne -Sal de Plata (Aldi) kanye ne-Hacendado (Mercadona) tuna kumafutha omnqumo , kokubili enezilinganiso eziphezulu kanye namanani afanelekile ngekhilogremu.
Kanye nale miphumela emihle, umbiko uphinde waqokomisa eminye imikhiqizo enezilinganiso eziphansi kakhulu , kungaba ngenxa yosawoti omningi, izinkinga zokulebula, noma ukusebenza okungekuhle kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwe-organoleptic. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo enezilinganiso eziphansi kakhulu kwakukhona, isibonelo, i-Cabo de Peñas organic olive oil , i-Conservas Ortiz organic extra virgin olive oil , kanye ne-Carrefour's vertical pack of sunflower oil , ethole amaphuzu aphansi kakhulu kunabancintisana nabo.
Kumthengi ojwayelekile, lokhu okutholakele kuhumushela esincomweni esilula: funda ilebula ngokucophelela, hlola okuqukethwe usawoti, naka isisindo esikhishwe, qinisekisa uhlobo lwamafutha, futhi ungacabangi ukuthi inketho ebiza kakhulu ihlala ingcono kakhulu . Ezimweni eziningi, uphawu olunentengo efanelekile lunganikeza ikhwalithi emangalisayo ngaphandle kokwephula isabelomali somndeni.
Amathiphu awusizo okusetshenziswa kahle kwe-tuna ekheniwe
Njengoba lonke lolu lwazi lusetafuleni, umbuzo omkhulu uwukuthi ungayifaka kanjani i-tuna ekheniwe ngendlela efanele ekudleni kwakho ngaphandle kokudela izinzuzo zayo. Umqondo awukona ukudelela umkhiqizo, kodwa ukuqonda izimiso ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo nokuthola izindlela zokupheka ezinempilo ezenza kube lula ukuzifaka.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukushintshanisa i-tuna nezinye izinhlanzi ezisemathinini noma ezintsha, ukuze ingabi ukuphela komthombo wezinhlanzi zakho zesonto. Ukufaka ama-sardine, ama-mackerel, ama-mussels, noma i-salmon kusiza ukugcina ukudla okuhle kwama-omega-3 fatty acids ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuvezwa kwe-mercury eqongelelayo, njengoba eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zivame ukuba namazinga aphansi.
Okwesibili, kuyalulekwa ukulungisa imvamisa yokusetshenziswa . Ukulandela iziqondiso ezifana nalezo zeGarcía-Orea—ezingadluli ithini elilodwa noma amabili ngesonto kubantu abadala—kungaba yindawo efanelekile yokubhekisela kuyo, uma nje ukudla okusele kwesonto kufaka phakathi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi namaprotheni. Kumaqembu azwelayo, njengabesifazane abakhulelwe noma izingane, kunconywa ukuthi banake kakhulu iziqondiso ezikhishwe yiziphathimandla zezempilo.
Kubalulekile futhi ukunaka indlela evezwa ngayo . Ukukhetha i-tuna efakwe emanzini noma uwoyela womnqumo osezingeni eliphezulu noma nini lapho kungenzeka kuyindlela enhle. I-tuna efakwe emanzini anosawoti kanye ne-tuna emafutheni e-sunflower isamukeleka, kodwa kuyasiza ukuhlola ukuthi ufaka usawoti noma amafutha angenampilo ekudleni kwakho kwansuku zonke ngokusebenzisa eminye imithombo.
Okokugcina, kufanelekile ukukhumbula iziqondiso zokuphepha zasekhaya eziyisisekelo: gcina amathini endaweni epholile, eyomile, gwema lawo agugile noma aqhekekile, bese udlulisela okuqukethwe esitsheni sengilazi uma ungeke ulisebenzise lonke ithini uma selivuliwe—futhi njalo ulandele imikhuba emihle yokugcina nokuphinda usebenzise njengaleyo echazwe eziqondisweni zokusebenzisa kabusha ukudla okusele.
I-tuna ekheniwe ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemakethe yaseYurophu
Ngaphandle kwalokho okwenzeka ekhishini lomndeni ngamunye, i-tuna ekheniwe iwumkhiqizo obalulekile ekuhwebeni kokudla emhlabeni wonke , kanti i-European Union idlala indima ebalulekile njengomthengi kanye nomlawuli. Iningi lesidingo saseYurophu se-tuna ekheniwe lihlangatshezwa ngokungeniswa okuvela emazweni angaphandle , okwenza ukuphepha kanye nokusimama kwezinkinga zamasu okuhlinzeka kube yizinkinga.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwagxilwa kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bezohwebo namazwe akhiqizayo njengeThailand . Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezingxoxo zeSivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile phakathi kwe-EU naleli zwe lase-Asia, elinye lamaphuzu okuxoxwa ngawo ukuthi kungaqinisekiswa kanjani ukuthi ukwanda kokungeniswa kwe-tuna ekheniwe akuthinti ukulandeleka , ukulawulwa kokudoba okungekho emthethweni, kanye nokuhlonipha izindinganiso zabasebenzi.
Abameleli baseThailand bagcizelele ukuthi imboni yabo yokudoba isebenzise izinguquko zomthetho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa , okuhlanganisa nokuvunyelwa kweSivumelwano se-ILO 188 mayelana nomsebenzi wokudoba kanye nokubambisana okuqhubekayo ne-EU ukulwa nokudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwa, nokungalawulwa (IUU) . Lezi zinyathelo zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokulandelela "ukuthunyelwa esikebheni", izilawuli ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni ezifana ne -GMP kanye ne-HACCP , kanye nokuthola izitifiketi ezifana ne- MSC Chain of Custody ezindaweni eziningi ezikhulayo.
Idatha yakamuva ikhombisa ukuthi, yize i-EU ingenisa ngaphezu kwama- 33% e-tuna yayo emazweni angewona awe-EU , ingxenye encane kuphela—cishe ama-2-3%—ivela eThailand. Ingxenye enkulu ivela emazweni agcina izixwayiso zaseYurophu ngokudoba i-IUU. Ngakho-ke, enye yezinhloso zesivumelwano sokuhweba esixoxwa ngaso ukuqinisa ukuzethemba kwabathengi baseYurophu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-tuna ekheniwe engenisiwe ihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziphakeme zokusimama kanye nokuba semthethweni.
Izikhungo zaseYurophu, ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano ezifana ne -DG SANTE , zenza ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwezitshalo zokucubungula emazweni angaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemithetho yezempilo ye-EU. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyaqhubeka imizamo yokuxhumanisa izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ukubamba, njengohlelo lwaseThailand, namapulatifomu okulawula aseYurophu afana ne -CATCH , ukuze kuqedwe iluphu yokulandelela.
Kumthengi wokugcina, lolu hlaka lonke lokulawula nolwezentengiselwano luphelela kokuthile okuqondile: ukuthi i- tuna ekheniwe efika emashalofini ezitolo ezinkulu zaseYurophu ivela ekudobeni okulawulwayo okungakhuthazi ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile noma umsebenzi oyingozi, nokuthi idlula ekuhlolweni okuqinile kokuphepha kokudla. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezilawuli zomphakathi, izitifiketi zangasese, kanye nokuqapha kwezakhamuzi kuhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo okheniwe obonakala ulula uyingxenye yochungechunge lokuhlinzeka oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho okubonakala.
Ngazo zonke lezi zici—ukuqukethwe kwe-mercury, izinhlobo, ukupakishwa, usawoti, izifundo ezenziwa yizinhlangano zabathengi, kanye nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe—i-tuna ekheniwe isalokhu iyindlela elula nenempilo , kodwa kubalulekile ukuyeka ukuyibheka njengomkhiqizo “ongathathi hlangothi”. Ukukhetha uhlobo ngokucabangela okukhulu, ukuhlola ilebula, ukuqapha imvamisa yokusetshenziswa, nokunaka imvelaphi kusenza sikwazi ukuqhubeka nokujabulela lokhu kudla okuvamile okukheniwe eSpain nasengxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu ngokulinganisela okunengqondo phakathi kokusebenza kahle nempilo.
