Ukuphuza iwayini elibomvu eliphakathi nendawo njengengxenye yokudla kwaseMedithera okulandelwa kahle sekuphinde kwaba yinto ebalulekile engxoxweni yesayensi mayelana nempilo yenhliziyo eSpain naseYurophu. Ukuhlaziywa okusha kwesikhathi eside, okushicilelwe kuyi-European Heart Journal, kunikeza idatha ecacisa futhi eqinisa umqondo wokuthi umongo wokudla ubalulekile lapho kuxoxwa ngotshwala nempilo.
Ngokwalolu cwaningo, lapho iwayini liphuzwa ngokulinganisela futhi njalo njengengxenye yokudla kwaseMedithera okuvamile —okucebile ngamafutha omnqumo angenasici, izithelo, imifino, ubhontshisi, amantongomane, nenhlanzi—kuyabonakala ukwehla okukhulu kwengozi yenhliziyo kanye nokufa kwabantu bonke. Kodwa-ke, abalobi bagcizelela ukuthi lokhu akusona isimemo sokuqala ukuphuza , kodwa kunalokho isithombe esiqondile salokho okwenzekayo kubantu asebevele bephuza utshwala njengengxenye yendlela yokuphila enempilo.
Yini ehlaziywe yizifundo ze-PREDIMED kanye ne-SUN?
Lezi ziphetho zisekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwedatha evela ezifundweni ezimbili ezinkulu zaseSpain: isivivinyo se-PREDIMED (Ukuvimbela Ukudla KwaseMedithera) kanye neqembu le -SUN (Ukulandelela kwe-University of Navarra). Bobabili balandele amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu iminyaka eminingi ukuze baqonde ukuthi ukudla kuthinta kanjani impilo yesikhathi eside.
Sekukonke, abacwaningi bahlole abantu abangaphezu kuka- 30.000 ababambe iqhaza eSpain , kanti izikhathi zokulandelela zisondela eminyakeni engama-22 ezimweni ezinde kakhulu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuye kwabhalwa izehlakalo ezinkulu zenhliziyo —njengokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo noma isifo sohlangothi—kanye nokufa okubangelwa yinoma yisiphi isizathu, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okunembile komthelela wendlela yokuphila.
Esinye sezici eziyingqayizivele zalolu cwaningo ukuthi, okokuqala ngqa, sihlukanisa indima yewayini ekudleni kwaseMedithera , sihlukanise ukuthi ngabe yiziphi izinzuzo ezingaba khona zibangelwa yilesi siphuzo esithile, ezinye iziphuzo ezidakayo , noma ukudla okuphelele. Lokhu kuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kuvumele abacwaningi ukuthi bathole ukuthi iwayini, ngokwalo futhi ngaphandle komongo, alibonakali linikeza izinzuzo ezifanayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwe amaqembu avela ku -Institute of Nutrition and Health e-University of Navarra kanye ne- Hospital Clínic yaseBarcelona , kanye nezinye izikhungo ezingaphakathi kweNational Health System, i-IDIBAPS, kanye ne-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA). Iningi lababhali liyingxenye ye-CIBERObn, eyingxenye yeCarlos III Health Institute.
Ingakanani iwayini futhi ikusiphi isimo: ukubaluleka kobuningi
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukunamathela kakhulu ekudleni kwaseMedithera ngaphandle kwewayini kakade kunikeza isivikelo esicacile. Esivivinyweni se-PREDIMED, abantu abalandela ngokwethembeka le ndlela yokudla kodwa abangazange bafake iwayini babenenani eliphansi lokufa elilinganiselwa ku-23% kunalabo abalandela kancane ukudla kwaseMedithera.
Umehluko uvela lapho ukusetshenziswa kwewayini okulinganiselwe kufakwa kuleyo ndlela efanayo. Ku-PREDIMED, ukuphuza okungenani izingilazi eziyisikhombisa ngesonto, ngaphandle kokudlula izingilazi ezintathu ngosuku , kanye nasezifundweni eziningi, cishe ingilazi eyodwa ngosuku ngokudla, kwahlotshaniswa nokwehla kokufa okufika ku-33% . Okusho ukuthi, u-10% owengeziwe uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo ababelandela kahle ukudla kwaseMedithera kodwa abangazange baphuze iwayini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli qembu elifanayo - ukunamathela kakhulu ekudleni kwaseMedithera kanye newayini ngamanani aphakathi - labhekana nokwehla kwengozi yesifo senhliziyo , kanye nokwehla okungu-45% kwezinye izivivinyo uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abalandela ukudla kwaseMedithera okuncane.
Umqondo oyinhloko uyavela lapho kuhlolwa amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa. Kudatha ehlanganisiwe, inzuzo iyanyamalala lapho ukusetshenziswa kudlula iziphuzo ezintathu ngosuku . Kula mazinga aphezulu, noma yikuphi ukuvikelwa okungenzeka kuyanyamalala, futhi akukho nzuzo ecacile ebonwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokungaphuzi noma ukungaphuzi kancane, okuqinisa umyalezo wakudala wocwaningo lotshwala: umthamo wenza umehluko.
Uma imiphumela evela ku-PREDIMED kanye ne-SUN ihlanganiswa, ubudlelwano nokufa okuphansi kugcinwa kuphela kulabo abahlangabezana nezimo ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: ukulandela njalo ukudla kwaseMedithera okusezingeni eliphezulu nokuphuza iwayini ngamanani aphansi noma aphakathi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, abalobi abatholi umphumela ofanayo omuhle.
Ucwaningo lwe-SUN kanye nokuhlanganiswa kweqembu kunikela ngani?
Nakuba i-PREDIMED igxile kubantu abangu-7.447 abasengozini enkulu yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi —balandelwa cishe iminyaka emihlanu ngenxa yezehlakalo zenhliziyo kanye neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-17 ngenxa yokufa—iqembu le -SUN lalihlanganisa abahlanganyeli abasebasha abangu-23.133 , abalandelwa iminyaka engu-22 . Lokhu kwavumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole ukuthi okutholakele kwaphindwaphindwa yini kubantu abahlukene kanye namaqembu eminyaka.
Ucwaningo lwe-SUN luthole ukuthi ukunamathela kakhulu ekudleni kwaseMedithera kwakuhlotshaniswa nengozi ephansi yokufa nezinkinga zenhliziyo, nokuthi lokhu kuhlangana kwakugqama kakhulu lapho inkomba yokudla ifaka ukusetshenziswa kwewayini okulinganiselwe . Kalula nje, ukudla kwaseMedithera kwabonakala kusebenza kahle kakhulu lapho iwayini liphuzwa ngokulinganisela nangokudla.
Ngokuhlanganisa idatha evela ku-PREDIMED kanye ne-SUN, abalobi bathole ubudlelwano obubalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwewayini okulingene endaweni yaseMedithera kanye nokwehla kokushona kwabantu bonke. Elinye lamandla ocwaningo yilokhu kuhlanganiswa: ngakolunye uhlangothi, isivivinyo somtholampilo esingahleliwe (i-PREDIMED) kanye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isifundo seqembu elilindelekile lesikhathi eside (i-SUN).
Le ndlela yezindlela ezixubile iqinisa ukuqina kwemiphumela ngokuvumela ubudlelwano ukuthi buhlolwe ngezindlela ezahlukene kanye nezindlela ezihambisanayo. Kodwa-ke, abalobi ngokwabo bakhomba ukuthi ezinye izihlaziyi ezigcina imithetho, ezenzelwe ukunciphisa noma yikuphi ukucwasa okungenzeka, azizange zifinyelele ukubaluleka kwezibalo , okudinga ukuhumusha idatha ngokucophelela.
Elinye iphuzu eliphindaphindiwe kulo lonke ucwaningo ukuthi lokhu okutholakele akufanele kuthathwe njengokusho amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa , noma kuhunyushwe njengophawu lokuthi abangaphuzi utshwala baqale ukuphuza ngenxa yezizathu zempilo. Ucwaningo luchaza lokho okubonwa emaqenjini asevele ephuza iwayini ngaphakathi komongo wokudla okulinganiselayo, hhayi njengokwelashwa okuvamile noma isincomo.
Iwayini njengengxenye yephethini, hhayi njengesixazululo esihlukile
Omunye wemiyalezo ecacile evela eqenjini labacwaningi ukuthi iwayini alisebenzi lodwa . Izinzuzo ezingaba khona zivela kuphela ngaphakathi komongo wokudla kwendabuko kwaseMedithera , okucebile ngamafutha omnqumo angenasici, ubhontshisi, izithelo nemifino emisha, amantongomane nenhlanzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphansi kokudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe abanjengoDkt. Miguel Ángel Martínez-González noDkt. Ramón Estruch , lolu cwaningo luphonsela inselelo umqondo womphumela ojwayelekile wokuvikela wewayini noma utshwala. Okukubonisayo ukuthi, ngaphakathi kwephethini yokudla enempilo ngokuvamile kanye nangobuningi obuphakathi, iwayini lihlotshaniswa nemiphumela engcono yezokwelapha, kodwa hhayi ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa—kunoma yisiphi isimo—kuyalulekwa.
Eqinisweni, lolu cwaningo lugcizelela ukuthi alukhuthazi abantu abaphuza iwayini ukuba baqale ukuphuza iwayini . Kunalokho, igalelo lalo liqinisekisa indlela yokudla yendabuko yaseMedithera , lapho iwayini, ikakhulukazi iwayini elibomvu, livame ukudliwa ngobuningi obuncane, lihambisana nokudla kanye nendawo yokuzijabulisa, futhi lapho ezinye izici zendlela yokuphila (umsebenzi womzimba, ukuphumula, impilo yomphakathi esebenzayo) nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile.
Lo mbono uhambisana nobufakazi obuningi bangaphambilini ngama -polyphenols kanye nama-antioxidant compounds akhona ewayinini elibomvu, okungase kube nomthelela ekuvikelweni kwe-endothelial kanye nokunciphisa ukuvuvukala. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe ngokwabo bagcizelela ukuthi utshwala abunconywa njengethuluzi "lempilo yenhliziyo ," ikakhulukazi uma ubheka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kunezingozi ezicacile nezibhalwe kahle.
Ngakho-ke, lokho okusikiselwa yilo msebenzi akuyona "imvume yokuphuza", kodwa umqondo wokuthi uma ukusetshenziswa kwewayini sekuvele kukhona , kuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela engcono uma kuhlanganiswa nokudla nendlela yokuphila yaseMedithera, futhi uma kugcinwa ngemithamo ephansi noma ephakathi.
I-UNATI: isivivinyo esikhulu sokucacisa indima yotshwala
Ukuze kuqiniswe ubufakazi futhi kuqedwe ukungabaza, ingxenye yethimba elivela eNyuvesi yaseNavarra iqalise iphrojekthi ye-UNATI (i-University of Navarra Alumni Trialists Initiative), ebhekwa njengesivivinyo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokungenelela kotshwala kanye nempilo esiye senziwa kuze kube manje emhlabeni jikelele.
Umgomo we-UNATI ukufinyelela okungenani abahlanganyeli abayi-10.000 , lapho abantu abangaphezu kuka-7.000 eSpain sebevele babhalisiwe , ngokubambisana nodokotela abangaba ngu- 500 ezweni lonke . Ngokungafani nezifundo zokuhlola zendabuko, lolu cwaningo luqhathanisa ngqo ukuphuza utshwala okulinganiselwe nokuzithiba , njalo ngaphakathi komongo wendlela yokuphila yaseMedithera.
Inhloso ukucacisa ukuthi imiphumela ebonwe ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini ibangelwa kangakanani utshwala uqobo noma eminye imikhuba enempilo ehlotshaniswa nokudla kwaseMedithera , njengekhwalithi yokudla, umsebenzi womzimba, kanye nokuphila komphakathi. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa amadoda nabesifazane abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-50 no-75 ubudala asebevele bephuza utshwala njalo futhi akuhlosiwe ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa okusha kulabo abangaphuzi.
Ngaphezu kokuhlola impilo nokufa kwenhliziyo , i-UNATI ihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwengozi yomdlavuza nezinye izinkomba zezempilo, ithembele ekuhlolweni okuqondile kanye nokulawulwa okuhlelekile ukuze kukhuliswe ukunemba kwedatha. Le phrojekthi ithole uxhaso lwe-€2,5 million oluvela kwi-Advanced Grant ye- European Research Council (ERC) , olunezelwe yizibonelelo ezivela kuHulumeni waseNavarre, eHarvard University, kanye neCarlos III Health Institute.
Uma imiphumela iqinisekisa ubudlelwano obubonwe ku-PREDIMED kanye ne-SUN, kuzoba nobufakazi bezokwelapha obusezingeni eliphezulu mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kotshwala, ukudla kwaseMedithera kanye nempilo, into ebaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sempikiswano enkulu mayelana nendima yewayini ezinqubweni zezempilo zomphakathi zaseYurophu.
Umkhakha wewayini uchaza kanjani lokhu okutholakele?
Umkhakha wewayini waseSpain , ngokusebenzisa i-Spanish Interprofessional Wine Organisation (OIVE) kanye ne-Foundation for Wine and Nutrition Research (FIVIN), uzwakalise ukwaneliseka ngokushicilelwa kwale miphumela, kodwa futhi ugcizelele isidingo sokugcina ukuqina kwesayensi nokuqhubeka nokuqoqa ubufakazi obuphezulu.
I-OIVE (Inhlangano YaseSpain Yezidakamizwa Ezifakwa Emthanjeni) ikhomba ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwe-PREDIMED kanye ne-SUN kungenye yezifundo ezinkulu kakhulu ezenziwa ngokudla kanye nempilo yaseMedithera. Le nhlangano igcizelela ukuthi ukufa okuphelele, okungenye yezinkomba eziyinhloko zocwaningo, kuyipharamitha edinga kakhulu ngoba ihlanganisa ngokuphelele izinzuzo nezingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nemikhuba yokuphila.
Ezitatimendeni zayo, i-Interprofessional Association iveza ukuthi isayensi kufanele ibe yisisekelo sempikiswano yomphakathi ephathelene newayini nempilo, igweme imibono yemibono kuphela. Eqinisweni, lo mkhakha ugcizelela ukuthi le miphumela "iyafaneleka futhi iphakamisa imibuzo emisha," yingakho bebona "kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga ngokuzimisela okukhulu," kokubili eSpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-OIVE igcina ukuma okucacile: ukwenqaba ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kotshwala ngokweqile kanye nokumelela ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe nokunomthwalo wemfanelo njengendlela kuphela yokujabulela iwayini ehambisana nempilo yomphakathi. Phakathi kwezinhlelo zayo kubalwa ukubamba kwayo iqhaza ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-Wine in Moderation , ukwamukelwa kwamakhodi okuxhumana kwezentengiselwano anomthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokusekelwa okuqhubekayo kwamaphrojekthi ocwaningo kwezokudla okunempilo kanye nezempilo.
I-FIVIN, yona, idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni izifundo zesayensi ngokusetshenziswa kwewayini okulinganiselwe , ukuguga okunempilo, kanye nokuvimbela izifo. Ngezinhlelo zezifundo, isekela ucwaningo olwenziwa emanyuvesi nasezikhungweni zocwaningo eSpain nakwamanye amazwe, okufaka isandla ekuqondeni kabanzi ukuthi iwayini lingena kanjani ekudleni okunempilo kanye nendlela yokuphila.
Ngokuhambisana neSu Lomkhakha Wewayini 2022-2027 , ukusekelwa kokukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi oluqinile lwesayensi sekuyizinto eziza kuqala, ngombono wokuthi noma yimuphi umyalezo mayelana newayini nempilo kufanele usekelwe kudatha eqinisekisiwe hhayi emibonweni yomuntu siqu.
Ngalo lonke lolu lwazi, ucwaningo lwamanje lusikisela ukuthi, ngaphakathi kokudla kwaseMedithera okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nendlela yokuphila elinganiselayo, ukusetshenziswa kwewayini okulingene—ikakhulukazi uma kunqunyelwe engilazini eyodwa ngosuku ngokudla nokugwema ukudlula amangilazi amathathu ngosuku—kungase kuhlotshaniswe nesifo senhliziyo esincane kanye nokufa okuphansi; noma kunjalo, lokhu akufanele kube isincomo esijwayelekile noma izaba zokwandisa ukudla, kodwa kunalokho kube yinto eyodwa yephethini yomhlaba wonke lapho isethi iyonke yemikhuba enempilo iyona ebaluleke ngempela.
